CoCC is a rare malignant liver tumor that has been categorized as a combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma with stem cell features, a cholangiolocellular subtype in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Recent studies revealed that CoCC derives from HPC, which has stem cell features and can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes [1, 3]. However, some researchers have proposed the possibility that CoCC derives from interlobular ducts, not canals of Hering or cholangioles in which HPCs exist, considering morphometric and immunohistochemical studies of CoCC [8, 9]. These reports revealed that the size of CoCC cancer ducts was far larger than that of the cholangioles and similar to that of the interlobular ducts. The mean diameters of the CoCC ducts, cholangioles, and interlobular ducts were 31.8, 13.8, and 26.5 μm, respectively [8]. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical staining patterns such as the membranous pattern of EMA and positivity for progenitor cell markers were seen not only in the cholangioles but also in the interlobular ducts. In fact, the cancer duct size in our case was almost larger than that of the cholangioles described above, and we cannot deny the possibility of interlobular duct origin based on the immunohistochemical staining. Thus, the origin of CoCC still remains controversial, and more detailed molecular studies might be needed to clarify the origin of CoCC.
Although the detailed mechanisms of CoCC carcinogenesis remain unclear, clinicopathological studies have revealed the presence of chronic liver injury by chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and alcoholism in CoCC patients [1, 10]. Additionally, previous reports revealed that HPCs were activated by chronic liver injury and formed ductular reactions [11, 12]. These findings have proposed that activation of HPCs by chronic liver injury is one of the etiologies of CoCCs. In fact, our case also had a prior infection by HCV before the diagnosis of the liver tumor. Although our case achieved a SVR, the history of HCV infection was considered to remain the risk of carcinogenesis of CoCC from chronic liver injury.
Reports of imaging findings of CoCC have been diverse [5, 6, 13, 14]. To reflect the characteristics of origin cells that have the potential to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, CoCCs can show dual characteristics of HCCs and CCCs in images, such as whole early enhancement with delayed washout and peripheral early enhancement with centripetal filling, respectively. These findings are considered to depend on cellularity and the amount of fibrous stroma [6]. Additionally, CoCCs are considered to be comprised of various histologically characteristic areas, such as CoCC, HCC, and CCC areas in various proportions [1, 15]. Kozaka et al. [14] defined “pure CoCC” as a tumor that consists exclusively of CoCC without any HCC/CCC components. In this report, the characteristics of pure CoCC that were revealed in CT findings, compared with CCC, were hypervascularity, peritumoral enhancement in the arterial phase, the presence of intratumoral portal tracts, rare intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, and prolonged staining in the late phase. Some early enhancement of CoCC was considered to be derived from the high cellularity and tumor blood sinusoids. Non-pure CoCC showed intermediate findings between pure CoCC and CCC. Thus, these reports suggest that imaging findings of CoCC might be different by component proportions and may be difficult to diagnose preoperatively. In our case, the tumor size was very small, approximately 1.1 cm in diameter. Moreover, because of the inflammatory cell infiltration within the tumor, histological morphology was modified by inflammation; replacing growth of tumor cells is hardly observed due to the dense inflammatory cell infiltration at the tumor periphery. Nevertheless, typical pathological findings of CoCC such as small tumor cells with oval nuclei, growing in cord-like anastomosing patterns, were present. Furthermore, considering that immunohistochemical staining of EMA was positive for the membranous side of lumen and the tumor cells were negative for Hep-par 1, but positive for CK19 and NCAM, the diagnosis of CoCC seemed adequate. Although there were no obvious HCC and CCC areas within the tumor, we could not conclude whether our CoCC case was a “pure CoCC” or not due to the histological modification caused by the inflammatory cell infiltration. Imaging findings of our case such as peritumoral early enhancement, delayed internal staining, and the absence of bile duct dilatation were similar. However, these findings are not specific and are sometimes observed in CCC. Furthermore, other characteristics such as the intratumoral portal vein were considered being unclear due to its small size in our case.
The DW image on MRI was of high intensity in our case. The DW image represents the rate of diffusion of water molecules in tissues, and the ADC value is the quantitative value of DW image intensity. There were several reports mentioning that the ADC value was helpful for diagnosing and characterizing hepatic nodules, and ADC values of the hepatic malignant tumor were significantly lower than those of benign lesions [16, 17]. However, among subtypes of malignant tumors, the mean ADC values of CCC and HCC were reported as 0.95–1.01 × 10− 3 mm2/s and 0.90–1.12 × 10−3 mm2/s (b value = 1000 s/mm2), respectively [17, 18]. On the other hand, the ADC value of our CoCC case was 1.11 × 10−3 mm2/s (b value = 1000 s/mm2). Although there is no previous report to evaluate the ADC value of CoCC, these data suggest that it is difficult to distinguish CoCC from other liver malignant tumors using ADC values.
Reports regarding FDG uptake of CoCC with FDG-PET in English literature are very few, and only some case reports exist [7, 19]. The SUV max of our previous reported cases were 12.8 [7] and 25.2 [19], and of this present case was 4.7. Like this, although the SUV max of CoCC vary, the tumor sizes of both previous cases are larger than this present case. Thus, there is a possibility that the SUV max of CoCC depends on its tumor volume or size, similar to CCC [20]. However, accumulation of further analyses will be needed to conclude the significance of FDG uptake of CoCC.
CoCC is considered to have a favorable outcome after curative resection compared with CCC, and the median tumor size of CoCC is smaller than that of CCC [10]. This result suggests that the growth rate of CoCC may be relatively slow. In fact, the tumor doubling time (TDT) of our case was 285 days by calculation, as described previously [21]. On the other hand, median TDTs of HCC and CCC were reported to be 85.7 and 70 days, respectively. These data suggest that slow growth might be one of the characteristics of CoCC. This characteristic may be helpful for deciding upon the indication of liver transplantation in liver tumors showing imaging findings similar to those in CCC. Liver transplantation of CCC is not established because of its poor outcome after liver transplantation [22]. Although liver transplantation of CoCC is also not established, it may be selected as one of the treatments for CoCC in the future, because CoCC shows favorable outcomes after resection. Thus, when hepatic tumors reveal similar imaging findings to CCC, but also exhibit slow growth, we must consider the possibility of CoCC, and biopsy might be helpful for the decision of treatment strategy, especially in cases of liver transplantation.
In pathological findings of our case, prominent inflammatory cell infiltration was characteristic. To our knowledge, there are no reports describing marked inflammatory cell infiltration within CoCC. The reason why marked inflammatory cell infiltration occurred in our case remains unclear. However, recent studies have revealed that CoCC is a distinct molecular entity compared with other HPC-derived liver tumors, as determined by gene profiling analysis, and also revealed that CoCC shows significant upregulation of TGF-beta signaling and inflammatory and immune response signatures, such as interleukin-6, TNF-α, and chemokines and their receptors, which are known as factors of angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration into the tumor [23]. These findings suggest that CoCC is likely to be closely related to angiogenesis and inflammation. If this hypothesis is correct, prominent inflammatory cell infiltration and vascular proliferation of our case can be explained. However, further study will be required to elucidate the significance of upregulation of such genes.
