Table 1 Success rate and adverse event of secondary treatment for refractory achalasia
1st and 2nd treatment | Author | Year | Reference | Eckardt score | Success rate (%) | Cohort size | Adverse events | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before 2nd treatment | After 2nd treatment | |||||||
LHM → LHM | Vigneswaran | 2016 | 9 | 5.33 | 1 | N/A | 3 | Perforation, mediastinal abscess: 33.3% |
LHM → POEM | Zhou | 2013 | 10 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 92 | 12 | Postoperative: GERD:8.3% |
Vigneswaran | 2016 | 9 | 6.8 | 0.6 | N/A | 5 | Persistent subcutaneous emphysema: 20% | |
Ngamruengphong | 2017 | 11 | 7.1 | 2.09 | 81% | 90 | Mucosotomy: 3.3% | |
Delayed bleeding: 1.1% | ||||||||
Subcutaneous emphysema: 1.1% | ||||||||
Submucosal hematoma: 1.1% | ||||||||
Pneumonia: 1.1% | ||||||||
Mediastinitis: 1.1% | ||||||||
Landi | 2017 | 12 | 6.4 | 1.9 | 79 | 14 | Postoperative GERD: 50% | |
Kristensen | 2017 | 13 | 6.75 | 4.25 | N/A | 14 | N/A | |
Zhang | 2018 | 14 | 7.25 | 1.5 | 96 | 46 | N/A | |
Tyberg | 2018 | 15 | 7.98 | 1.72 | 94 | 51 | Mucosal defect: 11.7% | |
Sanaka | 2018 | 16 | 6.83 | 0.67 | N/A | 29 | Mucosal perforation: 11.7% | |
Mediastinitis: 4.0% | ||||||||
Arshava | 2018 | 17 | 5 | 2.5 | N/A | 4 | N/A | |
Huang | 2021 | 18 | 90 | 272 | Postoperative symptomatic reflux: 36.9% | |||
Postoperative endoscopically proven esophagitis: 33.0% | ||||||||
Postoperative pH monitoring based acid exposure: 47.8% | ||||||||
POEM → POEM | Li | 2015 | 19 | 4.3 | 1 | 100 | 15 | Submucosal tunnel infection: 7% |
Tyberg | 2017 | 20 | 4.3 | 1.64 | 85 | 46 | Peri-procedural bleeding: 17.0% | |
van Hoeij | 2018 | 21 | 63 | 8 | None | |||
Ichkhanian | 2021 | 22 | 6.1 | 2.1 | 76 | 33 | Esophageal leak: 3.0% | |
Symptomatic pneumoperitoneum: 3.0% | ||||||||
Subcutaneous emphysema: 3.0% | ||||||||
Inadvertent mucosotomy: 3.0% | ||||||||
POEM → LHM | Giulini | 2017 | 23 | NA | NA | 100 | 1 | None |
van Hoeij | 2018 | 21 | NA | NA | 45 | 11 | None | |
Ichkhanian | 2021 | 22 | 6.9 | 4 | 29 | 7 | None | |