Table 1 Previously reported treatment methods of gastrobronchial fistula

Endoscopic obliteration

Fast-hardening amino acid solution [8]

Fibrin glue [6, 9]

Self-expanding stent [5, 10]

Dual self-expandable stent [11]

Placement of a cardial septal occluder [12]

Titanium clips [13]

Surgical intervention

Direct approach

Reconstruction by colonic interposition [6]

Reconstruction by jejunum [14]

Pedicled pericardial flap [15, 16]

Omental patch, pleural patch [6]

Muscle flap

 Pectoralis major muscle flap (PMM) [17]

 Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap [15]

 Intercostal muscle [4, 6, 18]

Alloderm patch with intercostal muscle flap [19]

Lobectomy [20]

Lobectomy and intercostal muscle patch