Fig. 3

Intraoperative imaging. Intraoperative view of BPAF repair on the pulmonary artery side, which involved the manual closure of the fistula with an unabsorbable monofilament material. Blue arrowheads show the BPAF from the pulmonary artery side, and white arrowheads indicate the BPAF from the bronchus side. The dotted line suggests the line along which cutting was performed with an endostapler in the left upper bronchus to repair the BPAF from the bronchus side. BPAF broncho-pulmonary artery fistula, PA pulmonary artery