Skip to main content

Laparoscopic repair of irreducible femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone: a case report

Abstract

Background

We offer the first report of laparoscopic repair of an irreducible femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone.

Case presentation

An 84-year-old woman presented with a 2-week history of a right groin mass with no abdominal symptoms. The mass was located below the inguinal ligament but showed no redness or tenderness. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a 4 × 3-cm cystic mass and enhanced cord-like structure in the right groin area. Hernia contents were considered potentially associated with the appendix, and right femoral hernia incarceration was diagnosed. We performed emergency surgery using a laparoscopic approach, revealing an irreducible femoral hernia containing the right fallopian tube, which was reduced laparoscopically. The reduced fallopian tube showed no ischemic changes, obviating the need for resection. No other abdominal organs such as the ovary, fimbriae of the fallopian tube, or appendix were incarcerated. We repaired the femoral hernia laparoscopically using a transabdominal preperitoneal approach with a mesh.

Conclusions

A laparoscopic approach offers ready and accurate confirmation of incarcerated or irreducible organs, rapid recovery, and favorable cosmesis and should therefore be considered for the treatment of incarcerated or irreducible femoral hernia.

Background

Femoral hernias account for approximately 2–8 % of all groin hernias [1]. Due to the small size of the defect in the femoral ring and the rigid ligamentous structures, incarceration is observed far more frequently with femoral hernia than with other abdominal hernias [2]. The small intestine and greater omentum are common contents, but the fallopian tube is rare. We report an unusual case of an 84-year-old woman with an irreducible femoral hernia containing the right fallopian tube, which was successfully reduced laparoscopically and repaired with a polypropylene mesh.

Case presentation

An 84-year-old woman presented with a 2-week history of a mass in the right groin region and was referred to our hospital. She had no abdominal pain or tenderness, nausea, or anorexia and reported no pain in the right groin region. She had no specific medical or surgical history. Physical examination revealed a non-tender, irreducible right groin mass, located below the inguinal ligament.

Hematological and biochemical results were all within normal ranges, with no elevation of the white cell count or C-reactive protein level. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a solid and cystic mass in the right groin region continuous with the abdominal cavity. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated a 4 × 3 cm cystic structure and enhanced cord-like structure in the right groin region with no small bowel (Fig. 1). Hernia contents were considered potentially associated with the appendix, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of femoral hernia incarceration. When we attempted manual reduction, she reported slight pain in the right groin and manual reduction was unsuccessful. We therefore decided to perform emergency surgery for the presumed incarcerated right femoral hernia.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Preoperative findings of abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrates a 4 × 3 cm cystic structure and enhanced cord-like structure (arrowhead) in the right groin region without the small bowel

The patient underwent laparoscopic repair of the femoral hernia using a transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach. Laparoscopic findings diagnosed a right irreducible femoral hernia containing the right fallopian tube (Fig. 2). No other abdominal organs such as the ovary, fimbriae of the fallopian tube, or appendix were incarcerated. The irreducible fallopian tube was successfully reduced laparoscopically and showed no ischemic change. The fallopian tube, ovary, and fimbriae showed no anatomical abnormalities (Fig. 3). The hernial orifice was approximately 1 cm in diameter. The hernial sac contained a small amount of serous fluid. We repaired the femoral hernia using a TAPP approach with a light-weight monofilament polypropylene mesh (3D Max™ Light mesh; Bard, Warwick, RI).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Operative findings with laparoscopic surgery before reduction. Contents of an irreducible right femoral hernia exposed using laparoscopic surgery: the fallopian tube (white arrow) is irreducible without any ovary or fimbriae of the fallopian tube (black arrow)

Fig. 3
figure 3

Operative findings with laparoscopic surgery after reduction. The irreducible fallopian tube shows no ischemic changes, and no anatomical abnormalities are evident in the fallopian tube, ovary, and fimbriae of the fallopian tube

Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. No recurrence of femoral hernia was noted at the 3-month follow-up.

Discussion

The incidence of femoral hernia is approximately 2–8 % in adults, comprising about 30 % of groin hernias [1]. This pathology is most commonly observed between the ages of 40 and 70 years and is very rare in younger ages. Femoral hernia is four to five times more common in women than in men, and a right-sided presentation is more common than left [1, 3]. Due to the small defect of the femoral ring and its rigid ligamentous structures, incarceration is observed far more frequently with femoral hernia than with other abdominal hernias [2]. Multiparity and the elevated intra-abdominal pressure that occurs in patients with constipation, obstructive lung disease, or pregnancy is implicated in the etiology [1, 3]. Femoral hernia is often associated with blood circulation disorder, which warrants emergency surgery [3]. In the present case, the femoral hernia was preoperatively considered to contain the appendix. When we attempted manual reduction, the patient reported slight pain in the right groin region and manual reduction was unsuccessful. We thus diagnosed an incarcerated femoral hernia, which necessitated emergency surgery. However, operative findings revealed the contents as the fallopian tube, which is not associated with blood circulation disorder. As a result, the femoral hernia was not “incarcerated” but rather “irreducible,” and emergency surgery was unnecessary in the present case.

The contents of an incarcerated femoral hernia are generally the small intestine or greater omentum. Rare contents of incarcerated or irreducible femoral hernias reported in the literature include the appendix, bladder, Meckel’s diverticulum, ectopic testis, stomach, and gynecological organs [4]. In terms of incarcerated femoral hernia containing gynecological organs such as the ovary, uterus, or fallopian tube, 11 cases have been reported in adults (Table 1) [514]. Of these cases, the ovary alone was present in two cases and the fallopian tube alone in six cases. Three reports described the necessity for resection of the incarcerated fallopian tube and ovary.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of adult patients with incarcerated or irreducible femoral hernia containing gynecological organs

The anatomical location of the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tube at a level below the femoral ring makes herniation of these structures unusual, particularly in adults [11]. Acquired weakness in the pelvic wall with multiparity and/or elevated intra-abdominal pressure is thought to play an etiological role in the development of femoral hernias in adults [1]. In the present case, the contents of the femoral hernia were laparoscopically confirmed as the fallopian tube alone, showing no abnormalities of the uterus or uterine appendages.

The first recorded case of femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone, without the ovary, was described by Parkes in 1910 [6]. Since then, incarcerated femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone in adults has remained extremely rare, with only six cases reported (Table 1) [6, 7, 9, 11, 12]. These cases all had right-sided presentations. To the best of our knowledge, two case reports have described the necessity for resection of the incarcerated fallopian tube. Our report offers the first description of laparoscopic repair for an irreducible femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone.

Three different surgical approaches (femoral, inguinal, and laparoscopic) can be considered to repair femoral hernia, and all surgical modalities are in standard use by surgeons today. In our patient, we used a light-weight monofilament, polypropylene mesh herniorrhaphy technique with a laparoscopic TAPP approach.

The laparoscopic approach facilitates confirmation of the incarcerated or irreducible organs and any ischemic changes and accurately prevents the omission of any coexisting lesion. The laparoscopic approach may be suitable for patients in terms of fast recovery, easy and accurate confirmation of incarcerated or irreducible organs, and cosmetic outcomes.

Conclusions

We have reported a case of laparoscopic repair of a femoral hernia containing a rare irreducible fallopian tube. In this case, a laparoscopic approach was successfully applied and offered the advantages of easy and accurate confirmation of incarcerated or irreducible organs, fast recovery, and favorable cosmetic outcomes. The laparoscopic approach should thus be considered for the treatment of incarcerated or irreducible femoral hernia.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and the accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Abbreviation

TAPP, transabdominal preperitoneal

References

  1. Hachisuka T. Femoral hernia repair. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83:1189–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sorelli PG, El-Masry NS, Garrett WV. Open femoral hernia repair: one skin incision for all. World J Emerg Surg. 2009;4:44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U. Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register. Ann Surg. 2009;249:672–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Marioni P. Metastatic carcinoma with small intestine in a femoral hernia, with a review of contents of femoral hernia sacs. Can Med Assoc J. 1960;82:1081–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Maylard AE. Strangulated hernia of the left ovary in the femoral region. Br Med J. 1892;1:761–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Parkes CH. Femoral hernia of fallopian tube without ovary. JAMA. 1910;55:649–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Devane JF. Fallopian tube found in femoral hernia. Lancet. 1916;188(4862):805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Keasling JE. Incarcerated femoral hernia containing an ovary. J Am Med Assoc. 1959;170:2184–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Atmatzidis S, Chatzimavroudis G, Dragoumis D, Atmatzidis K. Incarcerated femoral hernia containing ipsilateral fallopian tube. Case Rep Med. 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/741915.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Coyle D, Kavanagh N, Mahmoud A, Lowery AJ, Khan W, Barry K. Incarcerated femoral hernia containing ovary and fallopian tube in a 54-year-old. BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.05.2011.4263.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Alzaraa A. Unusual contents of the femoral hernia. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2011. doi:10.5402/2011/717924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. López C, Durán MC, Tobaruela E, Fernández F, Carrión L, López P, et al. Femoral hernia containing incarcerated fallopian tube. Hernia. 2011;15:717–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ay A, Agac Ay A, Kaptanoglu B, Ozer S, Akalin C. Femoral hernia containing strangulated ileum along with the uterus and both ovaries: a first case report. Hernia. 2012;16:351–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ambedkar V, Singh A, Bain J, et al. A rare case of femoral herniation of female internal genitalia. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015;6:454–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nobutoshi Soeta.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

NS, TN, IO, and TS participated in the care of the patient, research design, data collection, and writing of the paper. NS, TS, and MG participated in the critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Soeta, N., Saito, T., Nemoto, T. et al. Laparoscopic repair of irreducible femoral hernia containing the fallopian tube alone: a case report. surg case rep 2, 57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-016-0185-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-016-0185-y

Keywords